Friction Factor and Heat Transfer of Giesekus-Fluid-Based Nanofluids in a Pipe Flow

The friction factor and heat transfer of Giesekus-fluid-based nanofluids in a pipe flow were studied the ranges 0.5 ≤ Reynolds number (Re) 500, 1 Weissenberg (Wi) 8, 0.5% particle volume concentration (Φ) 3.0%, 0 viscosity ratio (β0) 1, mobility parameter (α) 0.5. Our numerical method was validated by comparing results with available ones literature. effects Wi, Φ, β0, Re, α on relative (Cf/CfNew), Nusselt (Nu), (PECnf/PECf) energy performance evaluation criterion for to those Giesekus fluid discussed. showed that values Cf/CfNew Nu larger than Newtonian fluid-based pure fluid. increased increasing Φ but they decreasing β0 α. As Wi increased, first then decreased. PECnf/PECf enhanced α, β0. It is more effective use improve conditions smaller Finally, correlation formula as function derived.